Pastores gregis EN 72
72 The movement of peoples has assumed unprecedented proportions in our day and takes the form of mass movements involving an enormous number of persons. Many of them have fled their countries or been forced to leave them as a result of armed conflicts, unstable economic conditions, political, ethnic and social conflicts, and natural disasters. Despite their differences, all these migrations pose serious questions to our communities about pastoral issues such as evangelization and interreligious dialogue.
Dioceses should make suitable provision for the establishment of pastoral structures capable of receiving these persons and providing them with appropriate pastoral care adapted to their different situations. There is also a need for greater cooperation between neighbouring Dioceses in offering efficient and competent services and in training priests and lay workers who are particularly generous and open to this demanding work, above all when it involves legal problems associated with enabling these persons to fit into a new social structure.292
In this context, the Synod Fathers from the Eastern Catholic Churches once again raised the issue, in some ways new and fraught with serious practical consequences, of the emigration of members of their communities. It is now a fact that a significant number of the faithful of the Eastern Catholic Churches reside habitually and stably outside their countries of origin and the Sees of the Eastern Hierarchies. Understandably, this is an issue which presents daily challenges to the pastoral responsibility of the latter.
The Synod of Bishops consequently called for a deeper study of the ways in which the Catholic Churches of both East and West can establish suitable pastoral structures to meet the needs of members of the faithful living in a state of ''diaspora''.293 In any case, it remains the duty of the local Bishops, their differing rites notwithstanding, to act as true fathers to these faithful of the Eastern Rite, and to ensure that they are given pastoral care which respects the specific religious and cultural values which they received at birth and in their earliest Christian formation.
These are only some of the situations which present an especially urgent challenge to Christian witness and to the ministry of Bishops. Accepting responsibility for the world, its problems, its challenges and its hopes is part of our commitment to proclaiming the Gospel of hope. What is at stake is always the future of man, as a ''being of hope''.
It is understandable that all these new challenges to hope can lead to a temptation to scepticism and loss of confidence. But Christians are capable of facing even the most troubling situations, for the basis of their hope is found in the mystery of the Lord's Cross and Resurrection. This alone is the source from which they draw the strength to take heart and persevere in the service of God, who wills the salvation and integral liberation of all humanity.
73 The sheer human complexity of the settings in which the Gospel must be proclaimed today brings spontaneously to mind the Gospel account of the multiplication of the loaves. The disciples are worried about the crowds who, hungering for Jesus' word, have followed him even into the desert. They bring their worries before Jesus and they tell him: ''Dimitte turbas... Send the crowd away...'' (Lc 9,12). Perhaps they were afraid, genuinely not knowing how to satisfy the hunger of so many people.
Our own hearts might be similarly troubled by the enormity of the problems confronting the Churches and ourselves personally as Bishops. In that case, we should respond with a new creativity in charity which is shown not only in more efficient forms of charitable assistance, but even more in an ability to be close to those in need and to make the poor feel that every Christian community is truly their home.294
Jesus, however, has his own way of solving our problems. As if to challenge the Apostles, he tells them: ''Why do you not give them something to eat yourselves?'' (Lc 9,13). We know how the story ended: ''All ate and were satisfied. And they took up what was left over, twelve baskets of broken pieces'' (Lc 9,17). That residual abundance is still present today in the life of the Church!
The Bishops of the third millennium are called to do what was done by so many saintly Bishops throughout history, up to our own time. Like Saint Basil, for example, who even built at the gates of Caesarea a large hospice for those in need, a true citadel of charity, which was called after him the Basiliad: this clearly demonstrates that ''the charity of works ensures an unmistakable efficacy to the charity of words''.295 This is the path that we too must walk: the Good Shepherd has entrusted his flock to each Bishop to feed it with his word and to form it by his example.
Where then will we Bishops get the ''bread'' needed to respond to the many requests which come to us from within and without the Churches and the Church? We could easily complain, as the Apostles did to Jesus: ''Where are we to get bread enough in the desert to feed so great a crowd?'' (Mt 15,33). Where can we find the resources we need? We can at least point to a few fundamental answers.
Our first, transcendent resource is the love of God poured out in our hearts through the Holy Spirit who has been given to us (cf. Rom Rm 5,5). The love with which God has loved us is so great that it can always sustain us in finding the right ways to touch the hearts of men and women today. At every moment the Lord gives us, by the power of his Spirit, an ability to love and to find the best and most beautiful ways to express that love. We are called to be servants of the Gospel for the hope of the world, yet we know that this hope does not come from us, but from the Holy Spirit, who ''does not cease to be the guardian of hope in the human heart: the hope of all human creatures, and especially of those who 'have the first fruits of the Spirit' and 'wait for the redemption of their bodies' ''.296
Our second resource is the Church, whose members we have become through Baptism, together with countless other brothers and sisters with whom we confess one heavenly Father and drink of the one Spirit of holiness.297 The present situation urges us to make the Church ''the home and the school of communion,'' if we truly wish to respond to the expectations of the world.298
Our communion in the body of Bishops, of which we became members by our consecration, is itself a remarkable resource, since it provides us with valuable support in our efforts to read carefully the sign of the times and to discern clearly what the Spirit is saying to the Churches. At the heart of the College of Bishops there is the support and the solidarity of the Successor of the Apostle Peter, whose supreme and universal power does not destroy but rather affirms, strengthens and vindicates the power of the Bishops, the successors of the Apostles. Here we will need to make the most of the means of building communion which are to be found in the great directives of the Second Vatican Council. Certainly there are circumstances – and today they are not rare – in which an individual Church or a number of neighbouring Churches find it difficult or practically impossible to provide an adequate response to major problems. It is above all in these cases that recourse to the means of building episcopal communion can provide genuine help.
A final, immediate recourse for a Bishop in search of ''bread'' to satisfy the hunger of his brothers and sisters is his own particular Church, when the spirituality of communion has taken root as an educative principle ''wherever individuals and Christians are formed, wherever ministers of the altar, consecrated persons and pastoral workers are trained, wherever families and communities are built up''.299 It is here that we see once more the connection between the Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops and the three General Assemblies which immediately preceded it. For a Bishop is never alone: he is not alone in the universal Church and he is not alone in his particular Church.
74 The duty of Bishops at the beginning of a new millennium is thus clearly marked out. It is the same duty as ever: to proclaim the Gospel of Christ, the salvation of the world. But it is a duty which has a new urgency and which calls for cooperation and commitment on the part of the whole People of God. The Bishop needs to be able to count on the members of his diocesan presbyterate and on his deacons, the ministers of the Blood of Christ and of charity; he needs to be able to count on his consecrated sisters and brothers, called to be for the Church and the world eloquent witnesses of the primacy of God in the Christian life and the power of his love amid the frailty of the human condition; and he needs to be able to count on the lay faithful, whose greater scope for the apostolate represents for their pastors a source of particular support and a reason for special comfort.
At the conclusion of these reflections, we apppreciate how the theme of the Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops leads each of us Bishops back to all our brothers and sisters in the Church and to all the men and women of the world. Christ sends us to them, even as he once he sent the Apostles (cf. Mt Mt 28,19-20). We need to become, for each and every person, in an outstanding and visible way, a living sign of Jesus Christ, Teacher, Priest and Pastor.300
Venerable Brothers in the Episcopate, Jesus Christ is the icon to which we look as we carry out our ministry as heralds of hope. Like him, we must be ready to offer our own lives for the salvation of those entrusted to our care, as we proclaim and celebrate the triumph of God's merciful love over sin and death.
Let us implore for this great undertaking the intercession of the Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church and Queen of the Apostles. May she, who in the Upper Room supported the prayers of the Apostolic College, obtain for us the grace never to fail in the task of love which Christ has entrusted to us. As a witness to true life, Mary ''shines forth for the pilgrim people of God'' – and in a particular way for us, their pastors – ''as a sign of sure hope and comfort, until the day of the Lord arrives''.301
Given in Rome, at Saint Peter's, on 16 October 2003, the twenty-fifth anniversary of my election to the Pontificate.
1Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Prayer of Ordination.
2Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Lumen Gentium, 18.
3Saint Thomas Aquinas, Super Ev. Joh., X, 3.
4John Paul II, Homily at the Conclusion of the Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, 27 October 2001, 3: AAS 94 (2002), 114.
5Paul VI, Address to the Cardinals, Archbishops and Bishops of Italy (6 December 1965): AAS 58 (1966), 68.
6Propositio 3.
7Cf. John Paul II, Prayer in Commemoration of 11 September 2001: L'Osservatore Romano (12 October 2001), p. 1.
8Synod of Bishops, Tenth Ordinary General assembly, Message (25 October 2001), 8:L'Osservatore Romano, 27 October 2001, p. 5; cf. Paul VI, Apostolic Letter Octogesima Adveniens (14 May 1971), 41: AAS 63 (1971), 429-430.
9Cf. Propositio 6.
10Cf. Propositio 1.
11Cf. Optatus of Milevis, Contra Parmenianum Donat., 2, 2: PL 11, 947; Saint Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Romanos, 1, 1: PG 5, 685.
12John Paul II, Homily at the Opening of the Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops (30 September 2001), 6: AAS 94 (2002), 111-112.
13Cf. Roman Missal, Preface of Pastors.
14Saint Augustine, Sermo 340/A, 9: PLS 2, 644.
15Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 3.
16Cf. Adv. Haer. III, 2, 2; 3, 1: PG 7: 847-848; Propositio 2.
17Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 27.
18Cf. Ad Magnes., 6, 1: PG 5, 764; Ad Trall., 3, 1: PG 5, 780; Ad Smyrn., 8:1: PG 5, 852.
19Roman Pontifical, Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Promise of the Elect.
20Cf. Didascalia Apostolorum II, 33, 1, ed. F.X. Funk, I, 115.
21Cf. Propositio 6.
22Cf. Roman Pontifical, Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Homily.
23No. 19.
24Cf. ibid., 22; Code of Canon Law, c. 330; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 42.
25Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium,22; Code of Canon Law, c. 336; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 49.
26Cf. Propositio 20; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the ChurchLumen Gentium, 21; Code of Canon Law, c. 375 § 2.
27Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium,23; Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 3; 5; 6; John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 13: AAS 90 (1998), 650-651.
28Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus (28 June 1988), Appendix I, 4: AAS 80 (1988), 914-915; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 22; Code of Canon Law, c. 337 §§ 1, 2; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 50 §§ 1, 2.
29Cf. John Paul II, Address at the Conclusion of the Seventh Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops (29 October 1987), 4: AAS 80 (1988), 610; Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus(28 June 1988), Appendix I: AAS 80 (1988), 915-916; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 22.
30Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium,22.
31Ibid.
32John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 8: AAS 90 (1998), 647.
33Cf. Angoulême Sacramentary: In dedicatione basilicae novae: “Dirige, Domine, ecclesiam tuam dispensatione caelesti, ut, quae ante mundi principium in tua semper est praesentia praeparata, usque ad plenitudinem gloriamque promissam te moderante perveniat”: CCSL159 C, rubr. 1851; Catechism of the Catholic Church, 758-760; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Letter Communionis Notio (28 May 1992), 9: AAS 85 (1993), 843.
34Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 23.
35John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 12: AAS 90 (1998), 649-650.
36Decree on the Missionary Activity of the Church Ad Gentes, 5.
37Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium,22.
38John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 12: AAS 90 (1998), 650.
39Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 22.
40Cf. John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 12: AAS 90 (1998), 649-650.
41Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the ChurchChristus Dominus, 25-26.
42Cf. Propositio 33.
43Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 21, 27; John Paul II, Letter to Priests (8 April 1979), 3: AAS 71 (1979), 397.
44Cf. In Io. Ev. tract. 123, 5: PL 35, 1967.
45Sermo 340, 1: PL 38, 1483: “Vobis enim sum episcopus; vobiscum sum christianus”.
46Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 10.
47Ibid., 32.
48Cf. Propositio 8.
49Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 30: AAS 93 (2001), 287.
50Oratio II, No. 71: PG 35, 479.
51Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 15, 31: AAS 93 (2001), 276, 288.
52No. 5: AAS 94 (2002), 111.
53Sacramentarium Serapionis, 28: ed. F.X. Funk, II, 191.
54John Paul II, Homily for the Opening of the Tenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops (30 September 2001), 5: AAS 94 (2002), 111.
55Code of Canon Law, c. 387; cf. Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 197.
56Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 40.
57Sermo 340, 1: PL 38, 1483.
58Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, Nos. 1804, 1839.
59Cf. Propositio 7.
60Saint Cyprian, De Oratione Dominica, 23: PL 4: 553; cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 4.
61Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Investiture with the Miter.
62Cf. Propositio 7.
63Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 41.
64Cf. Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy. Principles and Guidelines (17 December 2001), 184: Vatican City, 2002.
65Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae (16 October 2002), 43: AAS 95 (2003), 35-36.
66Cf. Propositio 8.
67Cf. Paul VI, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi (8 December 1975), 59: AAS 68 (1976), 50.
68Ad Philadel. 5: PG 5, 700.
69Comm. in Is., Prol.: PL 24, 17; cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 25.
70Cf. Paul VI, Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus (2 February 1974), 17: AAS 66 (1974), 128.
71Cf. Saint Augustine, Sermo 179, 1: PL 38, 966.
72In Lev. Hom., VI: PG 12, 474 C.
73No. 39: AAS 93 (2001), 294.
74Cf. Ps.-Dionysius the Aeropagite, De Hier. Eccl., III: PG 3, 512; Saint Thomas Aquinas, S. Th. II-II, q. 184, a. 5.
75John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 34: AAS 93 (2001), 290.
76Saint Thomas Aquinas, S. Th. II-II, q. 17, a. 2.
77Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Promise of the Elect.
78Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 84-85.
79Apostolic Constitution Laudis Canticum (1 November 1970): AAS 63 (1971), 532.
80Cf. John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Vita Consecrata (25 March 1996), 20-21:AAS 88 (1996), 393-395.
81John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis (25 March 1992), 27:AAS 84 (1992), 701.
82Cf. No. 28: AAS 84 (1992), 701-703.
83Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 18.
84Cf. ibid., 27, 37.
85Cf. Propositio 10.
86Ad Polyc., IV: PG 5, 721.
87Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 8.
88Cf. Propositio 9.
89Cf. Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 49: AAS 93 (2001), 302.
90Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Bestowal of the Ring.
91No. 43: AAS 93 (2001), 296.
92Saint Gregory the Great, Hom. in Ez. 1, 11: PL 76, 908.
93Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanensis, Milan, 1599, p. 1178.
94John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis (25 March 1992), 70:AAS 84 (1992), 781.
95Ibid. 72: loc. cit., 787.
96Cf. Propositio 12.
97Cf. Propositio 13.
98Cf. No. 6: AAS 94 (2002), 116.
99Cf. Propositio 11.
100Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the ChurchChristus Dominus, 12; cf. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 25.
101Cf. Propositiones 14; 15.
102Cf. Propositio 14.
103John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 29: AAS 93 (2001), 285-286.
104Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 22.
105Cf. Propositio 15.
106Paul VI, Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi (8 December 1975), 28: AAS 68 (1976), 24.
107Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Lumen Gentium25; Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 10; Code of Canon Law, c. 747 §1.; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 595 § 1.
108Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 7.
109Cf. ibid., 8.
110Cf. ibid., 10.
111Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 12.
112En. in Ps. 126, 3: PL 37, 1669.
113Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 25.
114Ibid., 12.
115Cf. Propositio 15.
116No. 63: AAS 71 (1979), 1329.
117Cf. Congregation for the Clergy, General Directory for Catechesis (15 August 1997), 233: Ench. Vat. 16, 1065.
118Cf. Propositio 15.
119Cf. Propositio 47.
120Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction Donum Veritatis (24 May 1990), 19:AAS 82 (1990), 1558; Code of Canon Law, c. 386 § 2; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 196 § 2.
121Cf. Propositio 16.
122Address to those taking part in the Italian National Congress of the Ecclesial Movement of Cultural Engagement (16 January 1982), 2: Insegnamenti V/1 (1982), 131; Propositio 64.
123Cf. Propositio 65.
124Cf. Propositio 66.
125Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum, 10.
126De Trinitate, VIII, 1: PL 10, 236.
127Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Ecclesia de Eucharistia (17 April 2003), 22-24: AAS 95 (2003), 448-449.
128Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 10.
129No. 26.
130Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 10.
131Ibid., 41.
132Roman Pontifical, Blessing of Oils: Introduction, 1.
133Cf. Roman Pontifical, Rite of Ordination of a Bishop, of Priests and of Deacons: Foreward, 21, 120, 202.
134Cf. Nos. 42-54.
135Cf. Propositio 17.
136“Legem credendi lex statuat supplicandi”: Saint Celestine, Ad Galliarum Episcopos, PL 45, 1759.
137Cf. Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 11, 14.
138John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 35: AAS 93 (2001), 291.
139Cf. Propositio 17.
140Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 102.
141Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 68.
142Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 104.
143Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 26.
144Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Ecclesia de Eucharistia (17 April 2003), 21: AAS 95 (2003), 447-448.
145Ibid.
146Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Life and Ministry of Priests Presbyterorum Ordinis, 5.
147Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 28; John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Ecclesia de Eucharistia (17 April 2003), 41-42: AAS 95 (2003), 460-461.
148Cf. Congregation for the Clergy (et al.), Interdicasterial Instruction Ecclesiae de Mysterio on Certain Questions Regarding the Collaboration of the Non-Ordained Faithful with the Ministry of Priests (15 August 1997), “Practical Provisions”, Art. 7: AAS 89 (1997), 869-870.
149Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium, 64.
150Paul VI, Apostolic Constitution Divinae Consortium Naturae (15 August 1971): AAS 63 (1971), 657.
151Cf. Propositio 18.
152Cf. Motu Proprio Misericordia Dei (7 April 2002), 1: AAS 94 (2002), 453-454.
153Cf. Propositio 18.
154Cf. Roman Ritual, Rite of Exorcisms (22 November 1998), Vatican City, 1999; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Instruction on Prayers for Healing (14 September 2000):L'Osservatore Romano, 24 November 2000, p. 6.
155Cf. Apostolic Exhortation Evangelii Nuntiandi (8 December 1975), 48: AAS 68 (1976), 37-38.
156Ibid.
157Cf. Propositio 19.
158Cf. Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy (17 December 2001), 21: Vatican City, 2002, 28-29.
159Cf. Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 29-41: AAS 93 (2001), 285-295.
160Cf. Propositio 48.
161Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium,27; Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 16.
162Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the ChurchChristus Dominus, 11; Code of Canon Law, c. 369; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 177 § 1.
163Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium,27; Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 8; Code of Canon Law, c. 381 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 178.
164Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 27.
165Roman Pontifical, Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Homily.
166Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 27; cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 381 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 178.
167Ad Irenaeum, Epistulae, Bk. I, Ep. VI: Sancti Ambrosii Episcopi Mediolanensis Opera, Milano-Roma 1988 19, p. 66.
168No. 27.
169Ibid.
170Cf. Code of Canon Law, cc. 204 § 1; 208; 212 §§ 2, 3; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, cc. 7 § 1; 11; 15 §§ 2,3.
171Cf. Propositio 35.
172Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 32; Code of Canon Law, cc. 204 § 1; 208.
173Cf. Propositio 35.
174Cf. AAS 89 (1997), 706-727. An analogous point must be made for the Eparchal Assemblies, which are dealt with in cc. 235-242 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.
175Cf. Propositio 35.
176Cf. Propositio 36.
177Cf. Propositio 39.
178Cf. Propositio 37.
179Cf. ibid.
180Romae, 1572, cf. 52 v.
181No. 11.
182Cf. Nos. 16-17: AAS 84 (1992), 681-684.
183Cf. Propositio 40.
184John Paul II, Address to a group of newly-appointed Bishops (23 September 2002), 4:L'Osservatore Romano (23- 24 September 2002), p. 5.
185Ep. Ad Nepotianum presb., LII, 7: PL 22, 534.
186John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis (25 March 1992), 77:AAS 84 (1992), 795.
187Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the ChurchChristus Dominus, 16.
188Cf. Propositio 40.
189Cf. Propositio 41.
190Cf. ibid., John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis (25 March 1992), 60-63: AAS 84 (1992), 762-769.
191Cf. ibid., 65: AAS 84 (1992), 771-772.
192Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 1051.
193Cf. Propositio 41.
194Cf. Propositio 42.
195Cf. Congregation for Catholic Education, Ratio Fundamentalis Institutionis Diaconorum Permanentium (22 February 1998): AAS 90 (1998), 843-879; Congregation for the Clergy,Directorium pro Ministerio et Vita Diaconorum Permanentium (22 February 1998): AAS 90 (1998), 879-926.
196Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 44.
197Cf. Propositio 43.
198Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Council on the Church in the Modern WorldGaudium et Spes, 39.
199Cf. Propositiones 45, 46 and 49.
200Cf. Propositio 52.
201Cf. Propositio 51.
202Cf. ibid.
203Cf. Propositio 53.
204Cf. Propositio 52.
205Cf. Roman Pontifical, Rite of Ordination of a Bishop: Promise of the Elect.
206Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 23.
207Cf. Paul VI, Address for the Opening of the Third Session of the Council (14 September 1964):AAS 56 (1964), 813; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Letter Communionis Notio (28 May 1992), 9, 11-14: AAS 85 (1993), 843-845.
208Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 22: Code of Canon Law, cc. 337, 749 § 2; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, cc. 50, 597 § 2.
209Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 23.
210Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 8.
211Cf. Encyclical Letter Quadragesimo Anno (15 May 1931): AAS 23 (1931), 203.
212Cf. Propositio 20.
213Cf. Relatio post disceptationem, 15-17: L'Osservatore Romano, 14 October 2001, p. 4;Propositio 20.
214Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 381 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 178.
215Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 22; Code of Canon Law, cc. 331 and 333; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, cc. 43 and 45 § 1.
216Cf. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Letter Communionis Notio (28 May 1992), 12:AAS 85 (1993), 845-846.
217Ibid., 13: loc. cit., 846.
218Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 27; Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 8; Code of Canon Law, c. 381 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 178.
219Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 753; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 600.
220Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 22; Code of Canon Law, cc. 333 § 1, 336; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, cc. 43, 45 § 1, 49.
221Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 21; Code of Canon Law, c. 375 § 2.
222Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 27; cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 333 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 45 § 1.
223Cf. Paul VI, Address for the Opening of the Third Session of the Council (14 September 1964):AAS 56 (1964), 813.
224Cf. Synod of Bishops, Second Extraordinary General Assembly, Final Report Exeunte Coetu (7 December 1985), C.1: L'Osservatore Romano, 10 December 1985), 7.
225Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 333 § 2; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 45 § 2.
226Cf. Propositio 27.
227Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus (28 June 1988), Art. 31: AAS 80 (1988), 868; Adnexum I, 6: ibid., 916-917; Code of Canon Law, c. 400 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 208.
228Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 13.
229Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus, Adnexum I, 2; I, 5: AAS 80 (1989), 913, 915.
230Cf. Saint Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, 3, 3, 2: PG 7, 848.
231Cf. Saint Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Romanos, 1:1: PG 5:685.
232Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 13.
233Cf. ibid., 21-22; Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 4.
234Cf. Propositiones 26 and 27.
235Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 399; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 206.
236Cf. Propositio 25.
237Cf. Motu Proprio Apostolica Sollicitudo (15 September 1965): AAS 57 (1965), 775-780; Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the ChurchChristus Dominus, 5.
238Cf. Paul VI, Motu Proprio Apostolica Sollicitudo (15 September 1965), II: AAS 57 (1965), 776-777; Address to the Synod Fathers (30 September 1967): AAS 59 (1967), 970-971.
239Cf. Propositio 25.
240Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 333 § 2; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 45 § 2.
241c. 343.
242Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 44: AAS 93 (2003), 298.
243Propositio 31; Cf. John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 13: AAS 90 (1998), 650-651.
244Cf. Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops Christus Dominus, 6.
245Cf. Propositio 32.
246Cf. Propositio 33.
247Cf. Propositio 21.
248Cf. Propositio 22.
249Cf. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 23; Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches Orientalium Ecclesiarum, 11.
250Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones (18 October 1990): AAS 82 (1990), 1037.
251Decree on the Catholic Eastern Churches Orientalium Ecclesiarum, 11.
252Cf. Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, cc. 76 and 77.
253Cf. Canones Apostolorum, VIII, 47, 34: ed. F.X. Funk, I, 572-574.
254Cf. Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, cc. 110 § 3 and 149.
255Cf. ibid., cc. 110 § 1 and 150 §§ 2, 3.
256Cf. ibid., cc. 110 § 2 and 1062.
257Cf. ibid., cc. 140-143.
258Cf. Propositio 28; Code of Canon Law, c. 437 § 1; Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, c. 156 § 1.
259Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church Christus Dominus, 36.
260Cf. Code of Canon Law, cc. 441, 443.
261Cf. AAS 90 (1998), 641-658.
262c. CIO 322.
263Cf. Propositiones 29 and 30.
264John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 6: AAS 90 (1998), 645-646.
265Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 450.
266Cf. John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 10, 12: AAS 90 (1998), 648-650.
267Cf. ibid., Nos. 12, 13, 19: loc. cit., 649-651, 653-654; Code of Canon Law, c. 381 § 1; 447; 455 § 1.
268John Paul II, Motu Proprio Apostolos Suos (21 May 1998), 18: AAS 90 (1998), 653.
269Ibid.
270Cf. Propositio 25.
271Cf. Code of Canon Law, c. 459 § 1.
272Cf. Propositio 30.
273Cf. Propositio 60.
274Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Missionary Activity of the Church Ad Gentes, 38.
275Cf. Propositio 63.
276Cf. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Redemptoris Missio (7 December 1990), 11: AAS 83 (1991), 256-260.
277Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 6.
278Cf. ibid., 1.
279Cf. Propositiones 54-55.
280Synod of Bishops, Tenth Ordinary General assembly, Message (25 October 2001), 10-11:L'Osservatore Romano, 27 October 2001, p. 5.
281Cf. Propositio 55.
282Cf. John Paul II, Message for the World Day of Peace 2002 (8 December 2001), 8: AAS 94 (2002), 137.
283Cf. Propositiones 61 and 62.
284Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration Christus Dominus (6 August 2000), 22:AAS 92 (2000), 763.
285No. 1.
286Cf. Propositio 56.
287John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Ecclesia in America (22 January 1999), 55:AAS 91 (1999), 790- 791.
288Cf. Propositio 56.
289John Paul II, Message for the 1990 World Day of Peace (8 December 1989), 7: AAS 82 (1990), 150.
290Cf. Propositio 57.
291Synod of Bishops, Tenth Ordinary General assembly, Message (25 October 2001), 12:L'Osservatore Romano, 27 October 2001, p. 5.
292Cf. Propositio 58.
293Cf. Propositio 23.
294Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 50: AAS 93 (2001), 303.
295Cf. ibid.
296John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Dominum et Vivificantem (18 May 1986), 67: AAS 78 (1986), 898.
297Cf. Tertullian, Apologeticum, 39, 9: CCL 1, 151.
298Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millennio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 43: AAS 93 (2001), 296.
299Ibid.
300Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, 21.
301Ibid., 68.
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