Speeches 1986 - Basilica of Saint Francis
With the World Religions we share a common respect of and obedience to conscience, which teaches all of us to seek the truth, to love and serve all individuals and people, and therefore to make peace among nations.
Yes, we all hold conscience and obedience to the voice of conscience to be an essential element in the road towards a better and peaceful world.
Could it be otherwise, since all men and women in this world have a common nature, a common origin and a common destiny?
If there are many and important differences among us, there is also a common ground, whence to operate together in the solution of this dramatic challenge of our age: true peace or catastrophic war?
3. Yes, there is the dimension of prayer, which in the very real diversity of religions tries to express communication with a Power above all our human forces.
Peace depends basically on this Power, which we call God, and as Christians believe has revealed himself in Christ.
This is the meaning of this World Day of Prayer.
For the first time in history, we have come together from every where, Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities, and World Religions, in this sacred place dedicated to Saint Francis, to witness before the world, each according to his own conviction, about the transcendent quality of peace.
The form and content of our prayers are very different, as we have seen, and there can be no question of reducing them to a kind of common denominator.
4. Yes, in this very difference we have perhaps discovered anew that, regarding the problem of peace and its relation to religious commitment, there is something which binds us together.
The challenge of peace, as it is presently posed to every human conscience, is the problem of a reasonable quality of life for all, the problem of survival for humanity, the problem of life and death.
In the face of such a problem, two things seem to have supreme importance and both of them are common to us all.
The first is the inner imperative of the moral conscience, which enjoins us to respect, protect and promote human life, from the womb to the deathbed, for individuals and peoples, but especially for the weak, the destitute, the derelict: the imperative to overcome selfishness, greed and the spirit of vengeance.
The second common thing is the conviction that peace goes much beyond human efforts, particularly in the present plight of the world, and therefore that its source and realization is to be sought in that Reality beyond all of us.
This is why each of us prays for peace. Even if we think, as we do, that the relation between that Reality and the gift of peace is a different one, according to our respective religious convictions, we all affirm that such a relation exists.
This is what we express by praying for it.
I humbly repeat here my own conviction: peace bears the name of Jesus Christ.
5. But, at the same time and in the same breath, I am ready to acknowledge that Catholics have not always been faithful to this affirmation of faith. We have not been always "peacemakers".
For ourselves, therefore, but also perhaps, in a sense, for all, his encounter at Assisi is an act of penance. We have prayed, each in his own way, we have fasted, we have marched together.
In this way we have tried to open our hearts to the divine reality beyond us and to our fellow men and women.
Yes, while we have fasted, we have kept in mind the sufferings which senseless wars have brought about and are still bringing about on humanity. Thereby we have tried to be spiritually close to the millions who are the victims of hunger throughout the world.
While we have walked in silence, we have reflected on the path our human family treads: either in hostility, if we fail to accept one another in love; or as a common journey to our lofty destiny, if we realize that other people are our brothers and sisters. The very fact that we have come to Assisi from various quarters of the world is in itself a sign of this common path which humanity is called to tread. Either we learn to walk together in peace and harmony, or we drift apart and ruin ourselves and others. We hope that this pilgrimage to Assisi has taught us anew to be aware of the common origin and common destiny of humanity. Let us see in it an anticipation of what God would like the developing history of humanity to be: a fraternal journey in which we accompany one another towards the transcendent goal which he sets for us.
Prayer, fasting, pilgrimage.
6. This Day at Assisi has helped us become more aware of our religious commitments. But is has also made the world, looking at us through the media, more aware of the responsibility of each religion regarding problems of war and peace.
More perhaps than ever before in history, the intrinsic link between an authentic religious attitude and the great good of peace has become evident to all.
What a tremendous weight for human shoulders to carry! But at the same time what a marvellous, exhilarating call to follow.
Although prayer is in itself action, this does not excuse us from working for peace. Here we are acting as the heralds of the moral awareness of humanity as such, humanity that wants peace, needs peace.
7. There is no peace without a passionate love for peace. There is no peace without a relentless determination to achieve peace.
Peace awaits its prophets. Together we have filled our eyes with visions of peace: they release energies for a new language of peace, for new gestures of peace, gestures which will shatter the fatal chains of divisions inherited from history or spawned by modern ideologies.
Peace awaits its builders. Let us stretch our hands towards our brothers and sisters, to encourage them to build peace upon the four pillars of truth, justice, love and freedom.
Peace is a workshop, open to all and not just to specialists, savants and strategists. Peace is a universal responsibility: it comes about through a thousand little acts in daily life. By their daily way of living with others, people choose for or against peace. We entrust the cause of peace especially to the young. May young people help to free history from the wrong paths along which humanity strays.
Peace is in the hands not only of individuals but of nations. It is the nations that have the honour of basing their peacemaking activity upon the conviction of the sacredness of human dignity and the recognition of the unquestionable equality of people with one another. We earnestly invite the leaders of the nations and of the international organizations to be untiring in bringing in structures of dialogue wherever peace is under threat or already compromised. We offer our support to their often exhausting efforts to maintain or restore peaoe. We renew our encouragement to the United Nations Organization, that it may respond fully to the breadth and height of its universal mission of peace.
8. In answer to the appeal I made from Lyons in France, on the day which we Catholics celebrate as the feast of Saint Francis, we hope that arms have fallen silent, that attacks have ceased. This would be a first significant result of the spiritual efficacy of prayer. In fact, this appeal has been shared by many hearts and lips everywhere in the world, especially where people suffer from war and its consequences. It is vital to choose peace and the means to obtain it. Peace, so frail in health, demands constant and intensive care. Along this path, we shall advance with sure and redoubled steps, for there is no doubt that people have and never had so many means for building true peace as today. Humanity has entered an era of increased solidarity and hunger for social justice. This is our chance. It is also our task, which prayer helps us to face.
9. What we have done today at Assisi, praying and witnessing to our commitment to peace, we must continue to do every day of our life. For what we have done today’s is vital for the world. If the world is going to continue, and men and women are to survive in it, the world cannot do without prayer.
This is the permanent lesson of Assisi: it is the lesson of Saint Francis who embodied an attractive ideal for us; it is the lesson of Saint Clare, his first follower. It is an ideal composed of meekness, humility, a deep sense of God and a commitment to serve all. Saint Francis was a man of peace.
We recall that he abandoned the military career he had followed for a while in his youth, and discovered the value of poverty, the value of a simple and austere life, in imitation of Jesus Christ whom he intended to serve. Saint Clare was the woman, par excellence, of prayer. Her union with God in prayer sustained Francis and his followers, as it sustains us today. Francis and Clare are examples of peace: with God, with oneself, with all men and women in this world. May this holy man and this holy woman inspire all people today to have the same strength of character and love of God and neighbour to continue on the path we must walk together.
10. Mossi dall’esempio di san Francesco e di santa Chiara, veri discepoli di Cristo, e convinti dall’esperienza di questo giorno che abbiamo vissuto insieme, noi ci impegniamo a riesaminare le nostre coscienze, ad ascoltare più fedelmente la loro voce, a purificare i nostri spiriti dal pregiudizio, dall’odio, dall’inimicizia, dalla gelosia e dall’invidia. Cercheremo di essere operatori di pace nel pensiero e nell’azione, con la mente e col cuore rivolti all’unità della famiglia umana. E invitiamo tutti i nostri fratelli e sorelle che ci ascoltano perché facciano lo stesso.
Lo facciamo con la consapevolezza dei nostri limiti umani e consci del fatto che, lasciati a noi stessi, falliremmo. Riaffermiamo quindi e riconosciamo che la nostra vita e la nostra pace futura dipendono sempre da un dono che Dio ci fa.
In questo spirito, invitiamo i leaders mondiali a prender atto della nostra umile implorazione a Dio per la pace. Ma chiediamo pure ad essi di riconoscere le loro responsabilità e di dedicarsi con rinnovato impegno al compito della pace, a porre in atto le strategie della pace con coraggio e lungimiranza.
11. Consentitemi ora di rivolgermi a ciascuno di voi, rappresentanti delle Chiese cristiane e delle comunità ecclesiali e delle religioni mondiali, che siete venuti ad Assisi per questo giorno di preghiera, di digiuno e di pellegrinaggio. Vi ringrazio nuovamente per aver accettato il mio invito a venire qui per questo atto di testimonianza davanti al mondo. Estendo pure il mio ringraziamento a tutti coloro che hanno reso possibile la nostra presenza qui, particolarmente ai nostri fratelli e sorelle di Assisi.
E soprattutto rendo grazie a Dio e Padre di Gesù Cristo per questo giorno di grazia per il mondo, per ciascuno di voi, e per me stesso. Lo faccio invocando la vergine Maria, regina della pace. Lo faccio con le parole della preghiera che è comunemente attribuita a san Francesco, perché ben ne rispecchia lo spirito: “Signore, fa’ di me uno strumento / della tua pace: / dove è odio, ch’io porti l’amore, / dove è offesa, ch’io porti il perdono, / dove è discordia, ch’io porti l’unione, / dove è dubbio, ch’io porti la fede, / dove è errore, ch’io porti la verità, / dove è disperazione, ch’io porti la speranza, / dove è tristezza, ch’io porti la gioia, / dove sono le tenebre, ch’io porti la luce. / Maestro, fa’ che io non miri tanto: / ad essere consolato, quanto / a consolare, / ad essere compreso, quanto / a comprendere, / ad essere amato, quanto / ad amare: / poiché donando si riceve, / perdonando si è perdonati, / morendo si risuscita a vita eterna”.
Greetings in other languages:
A TOUTES les hautes personnalités présentes et à tous ceux qui se sont associés à cette initiative de prière, j’adresse un salut fraternel et un message d’espérance: la paix est possible, si tous les hommes veulent progresser dans la vérité, fondement de la paix.
Pour la première fois sans doute dans l’histoire humaine, Eglises chrétiennes et religions de toutes les parties du monde se sont réunies en un même lieu pour montrer que la paix est un impératif de la conscience des croyants engagés dans la recherche de la vérité sur Dieu, sur notre destinée, sur l’histoire le l’humanité.
J’invite tous les hommes de bonne volonté à s’engager avec une générosité renouvelée pour la promotion de la paix.
Deseo presentar mi más cordial saludo, junto con mi vivo agradecimiento, a todas las personas que desde aquí o desde cualquier parte del mundo han querido asociarse a esta Jornada Mundial de Oración por la Paz.
Hago votos y aliento a todos a un renovado compromiso a ser constructores de paz entre las naciones, entre los pueblos, en las sociedades, en las familias, en los corazones y en la conciencia de cada uno.
Agradeço a todas as pessoas que, de uma ou de outra forma, se associaram conosco a - esta iniciativa de oração. Cada um se sinta pessoalmente empenhado em ser testemunha da - paz e pacificador dos homens, e compromissado com a realização de uma sociedade mais fraterna.
Aufrichting danke ich allen, die sich nah und fern, einzeln oder in Gemeinschaft, unserem heutigen Gebet für den Frieden in der Welt angeschlossen haben. Ich ermutige euch, darin auch in Zukunft nicht nachzulassen und im Geiste Jesus Christi in der eigenen Familie, im Beruf und im Leben der Gesellschaft selber immer mehr zu Friedensstiftern zu werden. Der Friede Christi sei mit euch allen!
Wednesday, 26 October 1986
Respected Leaders of the World Religions,
1. THROUGH YOUR spokesman you have beautifully expressed your feeling on the celebration which we all held at Assisi two days ago. I thank you most cordially for having accepted my invitation to come to the city of Saint Francis of Assisi to fast and pray for peace in our world.
You have made many sacrifices in order to accept this invitation. You have travelled long distances. And now before you leave for your homes, you have desired to come to Rome to meet me in this city so significant to Christianity. I thank you. I welcome you. Through you I greet the millions of people who share your respective religious beliefs.
2. We went on pilgrimage to Assisi because we are all convinced that the various religions can and should contribute to peace. It is a part of most religions to teach respect for conscience, love of neighbour, justice, forgiveness, self-control, detachment from creatures, prayer and meditation.
Jesus Christ, whom we Christians believe and proclaim to be our Lord and Saviour, reminded us of the golden rule: "Treat others as you would like them to treat you". Your various religious creeds may have a similar injunction which meets an imperative of every human conscience. The observance of this golden rule is an excellent foundation of peace. Peace needs to be built on justice, truth, freedom and love. Religions have the necessary function of helping to dispose human hearts so that true peace can be fostered and preserved.
At Assisi we have all committed ourselves anew to making our specific contribution to the building of peace. Let us strive to live in the spirit of that solemn pledge. Let us spread this message among those who share our respective beliefs. In the words of the prayer attributed to Saint Francis, let us commit ourselves to be instruments of peace among all people.
3. May I take this opportunity to repeat what you know already: that the Catholic Church wishes to have dialogue with other religions. Yesterday it was exactly twenty-one years since the Second Vatican Council published its Declaration on Relations with Non-Christian Religions, "Nostra Aetate". A special department of the Vatican, the Secretariat for Non-Christians, is charged with the promotion of this dialogue. I thank you for your cooperation with this Secretariat and with the Catholic Church in your home countries, so that in mutual respect we can together do much good in an increasingly materialistic and unbelieving world.
You are about to return to your various homes and centres. I thank you again for coming and I wish you a safe journey. Let us continue to spread the message of peace. Let us continue to live the spirit of Assisi.
Dear Friends,
1. I AM VERY HAPPY to welcome you on the occasion of your Second International Catholic-Jewish Theological Colloquium. In 1985 the Theological Faculty of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, the Centro Pro Unione and the "Service de Documentation Judéo-Chrétienne " (SIDIC), in cooperation with the Holy See’s Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, opened this series of theological research in commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the Conciliar Declaration "Nostra Aetate". According to the spirit and the perspectives of the Council, the topic chosen for your Second Colloquium, which has now come to an end, is: Salvation and Redemption in the Jewish and Christian Theological Traditions and in Contemporary Theology.
2. Contemplation of the mystery of universal redemption inspired the Prophet Isaiah to wonder: "Who has directed the Spirit of the Lord, or as his counsellor has instructed him? Whom did he consult for his enlightenment, and who taught him the path of justice, and taught him knowledge, and showed him the way of understanding?".
We are hereby invited to receive with humble docility the mystery of the love of God, Father and Redeemer, and to contemplate it in our heart in order to express it in our works and in our praise.
Theological reflection is part of the proper response of human intelligence and so gives witness to our conscious acceptance of God’s gift. At the same time the other human sciences, such as history, philosophy and art, also offer their own contribution to an organic deepening of our faith. This is why both the Jewish and Christian traditions have always had such high appreciation for religious study. Honouring our respective traditions, theological dialogue based on sincere esteem can contribute greatly to mutual knowledge of our respective patrimonies of faith and can helps us to be more aware of our links with one another in terms of our understanding of salvation.
3. Your Colloquium can help to avoid the misunderstanding of syncretism, the confusion of one another’s identities as believers, the shadow and suspicion of proselytism. You are effectively carrying out the insights of the Second Vatican Council, which have also been the theme of subsequent documents of the Holy See’s Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews.
This mutual effort will certainly deepen common commitment to the building of justice and peace among all people, children of the one heavenly Father. Let us, in this common hope for peace, confidently express our praise with the words of the Psalm, inviting all people to pray: "Praise the Lord, all nations! Extol him, all peoples! For great is his steadfast love toward us, and the faithfulness of the Lord endures for ever. Hallelu-Yah".
4. As I said recently in Assisi, Christians are convinced that in Jesus Christ, as Saviour of all, true peace is to be found, "peace to those who are far off and peace to those who are near". This universal gift has its origins in the call directed to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and it finds its fulfilment in Jesus Christ who was obedient to the Father even unto death on the Cross. Whereas faith in Jesus Christ distinguishes and separates us from our Jewish brothers and sisters, we can at the same time affirm with profound conviction "the spiritual bond linking the people of the New Covenant with Abraham’s stock". Thus we have here a bond which, notwithstanding our differences, makes us brethren; it is an unfathomable mystery of grace which we dare to scrutinize in confidence, grateful to a God who grants us to contemplate together his plan of salvation.
Grateful for every initiative promoting dialogue between Christians and Jews, and especially for this International Catholic-Jewish Theological Colloquium, I implore the blessing of Almighty God upon all of you and pray that your work will bear fruit for better understanding and increasing relations between Jews and Christians.
Distinguished Men and Women of Science,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
1. It is my great pleasure to extend a cordial welcome to all of you this morning. I am honoured first of all by the presence of the distinguished Delegates of the Inter Agency Consultative Group who are meeting in Rome at the invitation of the President of the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics. I am also pleased to greet the esteemed experts engaged in the study of this scientific undertaking. My respectful greeting also goes to the Cardinals here present and to the members of the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Holy See, who have joined us and who give this occasion a special solemnity.
I wish to commend this splendid initiative which brings you together and which seeks to foster ever more effective international collaboration in the space sciences. It is indeed a kind of celebration of scientific cooperation, a celebration which can offer hope to men and women of science, as well as to all people of good will, as they seek to identify those areas of knowledge and concern which unite the human family rather than divide it. The participation of the Vatican Observatory serves to illustrate the desire of the Church to encourage these worthy endeavours and to contribute, as far as possible, to the realization of the noble goal of harmonious human coexistence, in the achieving of which science can play an active and vital part.
2. Many means have been employed in the search for lasting peace in our world. These include negotiations, political compromise and economic bargaining. Recently at Assisi I proposed to the world that peace must be sought through another means, namely through prayer, "which, in a diversity of religions, expresses a relationship with a supreme power that surpasses our human capacities alone".
There is yet another way, one that we commemorate today, namely, that collaboration in a scientific endeavour which transcends all national boundaries and requires knowledge and dedication to science and technology by men and women of many nations, races and creeds. Last week, in commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, I spoke of the great esteem which the Church has for scientists, not only for their intellectual prowess, but also for their moral character, their intellectual honesty and objectivity, their self-disciplined search for truth, their desire to serve mankind, and their respect for the mysteries of the universe which they explore.
As an example of this kind of scientist I would like to recall today the late Giuseppe Colombo, beloved member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, who encouraged a unique way of exploring the material from which our own solar system was formed: a space mission to Halley’s Comet at its approach to the Earth earlier this year. He proposed this project from one of the world’s oldest universities, located in the city of Padua, where the modern scientific era had its beginning through the research and teaching of such great scientists as Galileo Galilei and Giovan Battista Morgagni. Near that University – in the Cappella degli Scrovegni – Giotto, from his vivid memory of an early passage of the comet, depicted it as the star of Bethlehem in his painting of the Adoration of the Magi. It was in this setting that your Inter Agency Consultative Group was formed in 1981 and began the planning of the now famous space mission to Halley’s Comet.
This " Padua Group " made the dream of Giuseppe Colombo come true. I congratulate you not only for the progress you have thus made in the understanding of the physical, chemical, and astrophysical, aspects of this comet, but also for the example you have set by this dedicated collaboration. It is an impressive achievement that so many scientists and so many means have been employed in a realtime collaboration over the whole surface of the earth in order to obtain scientific results from space.
3. It is a source of pride for all of us to realize that in just four decades, with the collaboration of government leaders and politicians, scientists have redirected the space technologies, which saw their first rudimentary steps in the horrors of the Second World War, towards the exploration of God’s universe. Through your dedicated efforts, based on high moral standards, you have brought space science from systems carrying death to systems designed for the peaceful pursuit of knowledge: on issues ranging from the largescale structures of the universe, to the life and death of stars, to the analysis of our own planet Earth.
As part of your collaboration, from Kagoshima, in Japan, only a short distance from Nagasaki, the world witnessed the beautiful lift-off into space of the two satellites "Sakigake" and "Suisei". Through the efforts of the people of the Soviet Union, which also had been sorely tested by the horrors of World War II, there were developed and launched the "Vega I" and "Vega II" satellites, first directed to Venus and then deployed in your comet mission. In a truly remarkable collaboration of your agencies, the Deep Space Network of the United States of America was then able to use those four satellites in order to direct the course of the European space probe "Giotto" to be aimed very accurately at its encounter with the comet. This is one example among many in which you and your colleagues, through your talent and courage, have shown the way to the collaborative exploration of the marvels of the universe.
I hope and pray that all of the scientists and engineers in your space agencies will continue to work together in your explorations and thus merit to be called peacemakers, in addition to your other worthy titles.
As we celebrate this day of achievement, let us all remember the brave men and women who have courageously given their lives for the conquest of space, in an effort to reach beyond the horizon.
4. I take the opportunity of this solemn occasion, when you are all gathered here together, to beg you to continue in the direction of peace and harmony which has characterized the progress of the space mission which we commemorate today, and to renew your efforts to avoid any possibility that space technology would ever become any type of hostile endeavour.
The pictures which space missions have transmitted back to earth, some examples of which we have seen today, show us how small and delicate the planet Earth is, and indeed how tiny the planetary system itself is, in comparison with our galaxy and with the immensity of the universe.
Yet we live in a very special moment. Using the talents given by God, people of science have been able to develop unprecedented means of obtaining knowledge. Extraordinary means of transportation and communication have been developed. Computers have reached capacities and speeds previously unimaginable. Serious plans can now be made for space stations, space colonies, and for manned missions to planets as far away as Mars. Scientists and technologists are developing the possibilities of making the whole planetary system a home for the human family. But all of these developments will lead to truly significant results only if they are employed within the frame-work of a new humanism, where spiritual, moral, philosophical, aesthetic, and scientific values are developed in harmony, and where there is a profound respect for the freedom and rights of the human person
May your work continue to be an inspiration for all humanity and may governments devote their political power to guarantee that the new era of the "planetary system as the house of man" will be for the spiritual and material well-being of all humanity.
5. I wish to express my gratitude to you for the book "Encounter ‘86", which you have presented to me and for the explanation which you have given of the photographs which it contains. I compliment you on this achievement and thank you for sharing it with me.
I also wish you to know how much I appreciate your field of science, and how much I admire the contribution that you are making to it. Your science opens up to man so many of the wonders of the universe, and leads him in a new and deeper way to be aware of its greatness. Your scientific research and discoveries are likewise capable of becoming effective instruments for a more profound understanding of man, for whose well-being the whole adventure of science is conducted.
In penetrating the depths of the universe with its laws and marvellous secrets, science leads man to understand the incomparable level of his own greatness. And it is precisely at this point that man can perceive ever more dearly his dependence on the Creator and the centrality of his own role in relation to the universe. The greatest glory of the universe is to lead man to a true perception of himself as he grasps the reflection at the Creator in nature. And in this perception of himself, he is led to acknowledge and adore the glory and majesty of God. The majesty of God, the dignity of man and the beauty and order of the universe are all linked in the discoveries of science.
May the Lord of heaven and earth bless you and strengthen you in all your work for the good of man, who is made in his own image and likeness.
Your Excellency the President of the Republic,
Dear Friends,
1. I am indeed happy that the first stage of my present journey brings me today to Bangladesh. As an independent and sovereign nation Bangladesh is a young country. As a people you have a long history and ancient traditions which bind you in a common identity. I thank the Most High God for enabling me to make this visit as a brother: a brother in our common humanity; a brother in our adoration of the “one God, living and enduring, merciful and all-powerful, who has made heaven and earth, and has spoken to men”; a brother in human solidarity, listening to the voice of humanity crying out all over the world for dignity, justice and peace.
I am grateful to the President and Government of Bangladesh on the one hand, and to the Catholic Bishops on the other, for their kind invitation and their assistance in making this visit possible. Already in 1979 an invitation was extended to me and since then I have been looking forward to this moment.
As a young nation you are striving to consolidate your national identity, to make your country a land in which all citizens can feel equally at home and can enjoy a just opportunity to share in the task of building up the national community.
2. I come among you as a pilgrim to the "soul” of the Bangladeshi people. Your ancient culture reflects contacts with many religions, traditions, races and languages. You are rightly proud of a-rich heritage in the arts, particularly in literature and music. Your people are sustained by a firm faith in God. In his Providence they seek the meaning of their lives and the strength to live in harmony with each other and in respect for his will.
Many linguistic, cultural and religious groups live side by side. Hence among yourselves you are called to exemplify tolerance and openness. And the recent history of your nation’s search for independence proves that all sectors of the population can fruitfully join in achieving the goals of a just and peaceful society.
3. My visit has, above all. a religious significance. I come as a religious pilgrim in a spirit of fraternal love and esteem for all.
I greet my brethren of the Islamic faith, aware of the bonds that unite us in obedience to the one, all powerful God and Creator, the Lord of our lives.
Speeches 1986 - Basilica of Saint Francis