Saint Daniel
Comboni
Missionary
(1831 Italy – 1881
Sudan)
On November 11,
1997, Lubna Abdel Aziz, a 38-year-old Muslim woman, entered Saint Mary of
Khartoum Hospital in Sudan, run by the Comboni Sisters, in order to undergo a
Cesarean section to give birth to her fifth child. A few hours after the birth,
the mother was dying. To stop a serious hemorrhage, she was subjected to two
operations, without effect. The doctors believed there was no hope for the
patient. The Sister in charge of the maternity ward had the idea to call upon
Bishop Daniel Comboni, whose reputation is great even among Muslims because he
completely gave his life in service to African populations. After asking the
woman and her husband for permission to pray to Bishop Comboni for her healing,
all the nuns prayed for this intention. As yet another operation did not result
in any improvement, they expected the patient to die, when she actually
regained consciousness. A few days later, the doctors declared she was cured.
Two other Muslim doctors subsequently examined this woman, and their
examination was added to the acts of the canonization process. «A sudden,
complete, and lasting cure, without any aftereffects whatsoever, scientifically
inexplicable,» unanimously acknowledged the medical commission gathered on
April 11, 2002. This cure made possible Blessed Daniel Comboni's canonization
on October 5, 2003.
Daniel Comboni was born on March
15, 1831 in Limone, in Lombardy, Italy. In February 1843, he enrolled as a
student at Father Mazza's Institute in Verona. He was asked, «What do you want
to be when you grow up?»—«A priest.» Father Mazza founded two academic
establishments for poor children. He had missionary plans for central Africa,
and envisaged receiving African children in Verona to give them a solid human
and Christian education.
At the age of fifteen, Daniel
read the history of the martyrs of Japan with passionate interest. He also
witnessed the departure of two Fathers from the Mazza Institute for the African
missions. «It was in January 1849, at the age of seventeen, while I was
studying philosophy,» he would write, «that I made a vow before my venerable
Superior, Father Mazza, to consecrate my whole life to the apostolate in
central Africa. And I never, with the grace of God, failed to keep my promise.»
Ordained a priest for the Mazza Institute on December 31, 1854, he learned the
Arabic language and a smattering of medicine.
Overnight
At the beginning of September
1857, Father Comboni embarked for Egypt with four other missionary priests from
the Institute and a lay person. They arrived at the Mission of the Holy Cross,
in Sudan, on February 14, 1858, after a stop in Khartoum. On March 5, the young
missionary wrote to his father: «The first effort God asks of us is to learn
the language of the Dinka (a tribe in the country)... The Dinka language has
never been known by the outside world, so no grammar book or dictionary or
teacher exists so as to study it.» The Mission in Sudan was very difficult.
Father Comboni wrote, «Out of 22 missionaries from the Mission in Khartoum,
which has been in existence for 10 years, 16 are dead and almost all during the
first months. We are threatened by death at every moment—because besides the
climate, many die for lack of doctors and medicines. But glory be to the
Lord!... Here, you can die overnight... This is why you have to always be
ready.»
«The Church encourages us to
prepare ourselves for the hour of our death [,] ... to ask the Mother of God to
intercede for us at the hour of our death...; and to entrust ourselves
to St. Joseph, the patron of a happy death. 'Every action of yours, every
thought, should be those of one who expects to die before the day is out. Death
would have no great terrors for you if you had a quiet conscience. ... Then why
not keep clear of sin instead of running away from death? If you aren't fit to
face death today, it's very unlikely you will be tomorrow. ...' (The
Imitation of Christ, 1, 23, 1). 'Praised are you, my Lord, for our sister
bodily Death, from whom no living man can escape. Woe to those who will die in
mortal sin! Blessed are they who will be found in Your most holy will, for the
second death will not harm them' (Saint Francis of Assisi)» (Catechism of
the Catholic Church, 1014).
In 1859, exhausted, the missionaries
had to retreat from Khartoum and Father Comboni, his strength sapped by fever,
returned to Verona. In human terms, it was a complete failure. Around him,
comment was rife. He used his convalescence to teach young Africans who were
staying at the Mazza Institute. On September 15, 1864, he was praying in Saint
Peter's Basilica in Rome, when a thought came to him: to put his ideas about
Africa in writing and make them known to the Congregation for the Propagation
of the Faith. He buckled down to it right away and worked uninterruptedly for
more than two days. «A Catholic used to judging things by the light which comes
to him from on high,» he wrote, «does not consider Africa through the sole
point of view of human interests, but by the pure light of Faith. And he sees
there an innumerable multitude of brothers, children of their common Father in
Heaven.» He recommended a regeneration of Africa by Africans. Missionaries
would establish training centers for various trades. From these centers would
come the leaders of regenerated black society, and leaders for evangelization.
At the same time, major associations would be formed to finance the charity.
A Catholic charity
Cardinal Barnabo, prefect of the
Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, to whom this plan was submitted,
obtained an audience for Father Comboni with Pope Pius IX, who gave him his
blessing. The Father undertook a tour of Europe and contacted missionary
societies, religious orders, influential individuals, and governments interested
in Africa. «This charity must be Catholic,» he affirmed, «and not specifically
Spanish or French, German or Italian.» He received much approval but met also
with strong opposition. On August 2, 1865, Father Mazza died. Deprived of his
spiritual Father, Daniel Comboni felt very alone, but, in his eyes, trials,
setbacks, and disappointments had meaning. They were a guarantee of success,
for Jesus established His Church on the Cross.
After a short trip to Africa, the
missionary founded the Good Shepherd Institute under the bishop's authority in
Verona. The institute would have a seminary for training Europeans headed to
the Missions in Africa. He then set off again for Cairo in order to set up his
institute there, and was back in Europe in July 1868. While he aroused interest
everywhere in his works, defamatory letters against him were sent from Egypt to
Rome and Verona by one of his disgruntled associates. This Father would later
retract this denunciation and beg his forgiveness, but at the time, his letters
as well as other misunderstandings led to the public repudiation of Father
Comboni by the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. The Good Shepherd
Institute was bankrupted in an unexpected manner by a decision of the Holy See.
The proof that Father Comboni gave to Cardinal Barnabo and testimony in his
favor from the Apostolic Vicar in Egypt allowed him to return to Rome's good
graces.
At the end of February 1869, on
his way back to Cairo, he had the great joy of seeing the first fruits of his
plan. Students in the first two schools were studying under the direction of
European instructors. The third school, a school for girls, was run by black
teachers. Thus it had been proven that Africans were capable not only of
learning, but also of teaching. At that time, this demonstration changed
mentalities. Father Comboni would say: «I wanted to show people, by a striking
example, that in keeping with the sublime spirit of the Gospel, all men, white
and black, are equal before God, and that all have a right to the acquisition
and benefits of the faith and Christian civilization.»
Hearing them
sing...
The school where the African
teachers taught was open to students of all races. Catechism, arithmetic,
Arabic, French, Italian, German, Armenian, and feminine arts, from knitting to
the finest gold and silk embroidery, were all taught. «Just by seeing our dear
little Africans,» wrote Father Comboni, «by speaking with them or hearing them
sing, many others who do not yet have the faith now wish to become Catholic...
We must, however, act with caution, for there is the risk of offending the
Muslim sensibility, and we must also reckon with observation by Freemasonry,
which is led by three lodges.» But it was equally necessary to oppose the
mentality of certain Catholics who were oblivious to the worth of blacks.
During a long stay in Vienna,
Austria, Daniel Comboni wrote, in four months, more than a thousand letters to
convince his friends that the Mission in Central Africa was going on in spite
of the innumerable difficulties it was facing. «The presentation of the Gospel
message is not an optional contribution for the Church,» reminded Pope Paul VI.
«It is the duty incumbent on her by the command of the Lord Jesus, so that
people can believe and be saved. This message is indeed necessary. It is
unique. It cannot be replaced. It does not permit either indifference,
syncretism or accommodation. It is a question of people's salvation... It
merits having the apostle consecrate to it all his time and all his energies, and
to sacrifice for it, if necessary, his own life» (Evangelii nuntiandi,
December 8, 1975, no. 5). In the same vein, Pope John Paul II affirms, «The
proclamation of the Gospel 'is the primary service which the Church can render
to every individual and to all humanity' (Redemptoris missio, no. 2).
These new Saints teach us that evangelization always involves an explicit
proclamation of Christ in addition to contributing to human advancement that
has sometimes even proven dangerous... The priority of missionary institutes is
the mission 'ad gentes,' which must come before any other social or
humanitarian commitment, however necessary» (October 5, 2003).
In Verona, Father Comboni created
the Institute of the Pious Mothers of the Negro Country (now the Institute of
Comboni Missionary Sisters), women religious headed for the Missions. He was,
in fact, convinced that, for effective and lasting missionary activity, the
participation of women was necessary. On June 7, 1872, he was officially named
Apostolic Provicar of the Central African Vicariate. In September, he left
Verona for Cairo, where he witnessed an event that filled him with joy: an
African priest, a former slave whose freedom had been purchased, administered
baptism to an adult African woman. It was the regeneration of Africa by Africa.
He stayed in Cairo for three months, then went to Khartoum, the seat of his
Provicariate, where everyone, Catholics and Muslims, formally welcomed him. A
month later, he went deeper into the African continent and, on June 19, he was
in El Obeid, capital of Kordofan (modern-day Sudan).
Nothing to fear
In Khartoum, as in El Obeid, the
presence of nuns transformed and facilitated the work of the Mission. The
natives, to whom foreigners had done much harm with their violence and
double-dealing, discovered with joy that they had nothing to fear from these
women. The highest Islamic authority in Sudan was won over: the Grand Mufti
officially thanked Comboni for having brought the Sisters. But the Father came
up against slave trafficking, which was organized by certain tribes. Each year,
more than five hundred thousand slaves, raided from regions in the south, went
to El Obeid or Khartoum. «I have met,» reported Father Comboni, «thousands of
slaves between Khartoum and El Obeid. Most of them are women mixed with men
without the least clothing. Women traveling on foot carried children under the
age of three. Others were men and women in groups of eight or ten, joined to
one another by the neck and attached to a yoke that weighed on their
shoulders... All of them were being savagely driven with spears and sticks.»
Daniel Comboni had harsh words for those who shared responsibility for such
shameful activities. The government of the Sultan of Egypt had strictly
forbidden the slave trade, but in practice, high officials profited from this
unspeakable trade. To fight against this established fact, the Apostolic
Provicar had to use a great deal of prudence. It was necessary to protect the
lives of his associates, priests, coadjutors, nuns and teachers. One error on
his part could be fatal to them. In a pastoral letter to his faithful, dated
August 10, 1873, he recalled Christ's teaching on the universal brotherhood of
mankind and threatened those who cooperated in slavery.
Daniel Comboni thought about the
Mission's next steps, which had as its primary concern the region of Jebel
Nuba, in central Africa. One of the Nuba chiefs came to visit the missionaries
in El Obeid. There he saw blacks who could read and write, speak European
languages, and who knew modern techniques for various trades. Flabbergasted, he
entered into an agreement with Father Comboni to establish a Mission in his
land, in Dilling, which is five days on foot from El Obeid. Father Comboni went
there in September 1875. Greeted with much friendliness, he was won over by the
climate of organization among the Nubas, the wise administration of justice
that made resorting to force unnecessary. Everything looked promising. But a
bitter disappointment reversed the situation. Epidemics of fever broke out,
striking down thirteen of the fourteen members of the Mission in a matter of
days. It was impossible to be treated in that location, due to a lack of
medicine. It was necessary to close the Mission. The Sisters, who accompanied
this painful retreat, marveled at the Father's strength of soul.
Before he had recovered from this
setback, Father Comboni was once more the object of defamation. He was accused
of being an incapable administrator. These accusations brought about painful
divisions in the Mission. Discredited in Europe, the missionary went to Rome in
the spring of 1876 in order to present his defense. He would later write, «Only
on this Way of the Cross strewn with thorns will the works desired by God
develop, improve, and find their ultimate success... The obstacles and
hostilities against which the sublime work of regenerating black Africa has had
to struggle since its first day, may be considered as an infallible guarantee
of success and of a felicitous future.» Father Comboni drew his strength from
prayer. He would admit, shortly before his death: «It is a sin to never
meditate. But I rarely neglected it in my past life, and never, I repeat, never
for a long time, not even in the desert, not even once... Likewise for my
Office (the Breviary)...»
The impact of a
scourge
On November 27, 1876, after
having recognized the falsity of the accusations brought against him, the
Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith decided to raise Daniel Comboni
to the episcopate. At the end of 1877, he made his seventh departure for
Africa. His new office earned Bishop Comboni an official and solemn welcome. In
April 1878, he was in Khartoum, where he expected to spur on his Missions. But
all his plans were soon disrupted. Indeed, he wrote, «Almost all my activity
for the time being is devoted to holding out, as a true apostle of Jesus
Christ, against the impact of a dreadful scourge.» An unusually severe drought
led to the deaths of about one third of the population. The money collected in
Europe was used to save the living at the price of gold. Famine led to terrible
epidemics. In July, the drought ended, but gave way to torrential rains,
followed by a new heat wave that opened the way to other illnesses. In
September, Bishop Comboni was the only priest left in Khartoum. Relations
between Egypt and Sudan became more and more limited, to the point that in
Khartoum, people felt abandoned by all. Suffering from fever, the prelate
returned to Italy at the beginning of 1879.
In Europe, he was the victim of
another campaign of disparagement by two Fathers who worked in Africa. Another
grievance was made against him—he was accused of maintaining a dubious
relationship with a Syrian nun, Virginia Mansur, to whose defense he had
rightly risen. When the accusations reached Rome, he needed to prove himself
innocent. In November 1880, Bishop Comboni embarked for Africa once again. He
met with one of his accusers, who acknowledged his error. Bishop Comboni took
him on again as his confessor, as before his accusations. He would write of
him: «He is a pious and holy priest... Even though he has thwarted me for five
years, I think that Jesus has used him in this way out of love, for my
spiritual good, for working with him and enduring him is a good occasion for me
to exercise my patience, to be attentive to my conduct, to correct my great
faults, my chattering and my sins...» After a stop in Cairo, where he confirmed
that his accounts were up to date and fully paid, he left at the end of January
1881 for Sudan.
One of the prelate's companions
would write of him: «Through example and good words, he encouraged everyone to
bear the hardships that we quite often had to endure. As weak and fatigued as
he could be, he told us amusing things to cheer us up... Forgetful of himself,
he inquired with care after our physical and moral state, day and night, and
always found new words of support and encouragement.» Bishop Comboni created a
sort of Mission press office in Africa: «I must write as a correspondent for
fifteen German, French, English and American newspapers.» But this labor
obtained him substantial subsidies for his Missions.
In May 1881, Bishop Comboni moved
towards the Nuba Mountains, where, supported by the government's army, he
intensified his fight against the slave-traders. On his way back from his trip,
he was able to write to Rome: «In a year or less, the total abolition of
slavery among the Nubas will be accomplished. One cannot describe the joy and
the enthusiasm of these populations who, since my visit, have seen stolen from
them neither son, nor daughter, nor cow, nor goat. They unanimously recognize
that it is the Catholic Church that has liberated them.» His expedition also
had results that were of general usefulness for understanding the geography of
the country and its language.
I cannot bear the
thought!
Shortly thereafter, the bishop
was laid low by «a deep and terrible sorrow, surpassing all the humiliations
and sorrows I have borne till now.» He could not hide them behind his usual
smile. The aspersions began again; his outspokenness, his impulsiveness and his
vivacity had made enemies. He was once again accused of being in love with
Virginia Mansur, and this slander was reported to his seventy-eight-year-old
father. Bishop Comboni was embittered: «To upset and distress a saintly old man
who not only gave me earthly life, but even more, spiritual life—I cannot bear
the thought!» He confided to a friend, «I no longer have the courage or the
strength to write. I am stupefied to see myself treated in this manner.» He
sank into anguish; then, little by little, his confidence in God, so strong in
his soul, won out. However, Bishop Comboni was exhausted. On October 10, 1881,
he received Extreme Unction while fully conscious, and passed away peacefully, at
the age of fifty, like a child who falls asleep in the arms of his mother. All
the consuls of Europe as well as the Governor of Sudan were present at his
funeral. Catholics, Copts, Muslims, pagans, notables and former slaves were all
in attendance.
Male and female Comboni
missionaries today number more than four thousand, working in Africa and other
regions of the world. «How could we fail, also today, to turn our gaze with
affection and concern to those beloved peoples?» said Pope John Paul II during
Bishop Comboni's canonization. «Africa, a land rich in human and spiritual
resources, continues to be scarred by many difficulties and problems. May the
international community actively help it build a future of hope. I
entrust my appeal to the intercession of Saint Daniel Comboni, an outstanding
evangelizer and protector of the 'Black Continent.' » Let us pray especially
for the Christians of Sudan who are in difficult living conditions and are
victims of persecutions.
Dom Antoine Marie osb.
http://www.clairval.com/lettres/en/2004/07/11/2140704.htm