De veritate EN

ST THOMAS AQUINAS THE 29 QUESTIONS ON TRUTH Translated from the definitive Leonine text By Robert W. Mulligan S.J 1952.

Headings

THE 29 QUESTIONS ON TRUTH 1 ST THOMAS AQUINAS QUESTION ONE: Truth ARTICLE 1: WHAT IS TRUTH? 2 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS TRUTH FOUND PRINCIPALLY IN THE INTELLECT OR IN THINGS? 3 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS TRUTH ONLY IN THE INTELLECT JOINING AND SEPARATING? 4 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS THERE ONLY ONE TRUTH BY WHICH ALL THINGS ARE TRUE? 5 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS SOME TRUTH BESIDES THE FIRST TRUTH ETERNAL? 6 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: IS CREATED TRUTH IMMUTABLE? 7 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: IS TRUTH AS APPLIED TO GOD PREDICATED PERSONALLY OR ESSENTIALLY? 8 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: IS EVERY OTHER TRUTH FROM THE FIRST TRUTH? 9 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: IS TRUTH IN SENSE? 10 REPLY: ARTICLE X: IS THERE ANY FALSE THING? 11 RE PLY: ARTICLE XI: IS FALSITY IN SENSE? 12 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: IS FALSITY IN THE INTELLECT? 13 REPLY: QUESTION 2: God’s Knowledge ARTICLE I: IS THERE KNOWLEDGE IN GOD? 14 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DOES GOD KNOW OR UNDERSTAND HIMSELF? 15 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DOES GOD KNOW THINGS OTHER THAN HIMSELF? 16 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES GOD HAVE PROPER AND DETERMINATE KNOWLEDGE OF THINGS? 17 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DOES GOD KNOW SINGULAR THINGS? 18 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES THE HUMAN INTELLECT KNOW SINGULARS? 19 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES GOD KNOW THE SINGULAR As Now EXISTING OR NOT EXISTING? 20 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: DOES GOD KNOW NON-BEINGS AND THINGS WHICH ARE NOT, HAVE NOT BEEN, AND WILL NOT BE? 21 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: DOES GOD KNOW INFINITES? 22 REPLY: ARTICLE X: CAN GOD MAKE INFINITES? 23 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: IS KNOWLEDGE PREDICATED OF GOD AND MEN PURELY EQUIVOCALLY? 24 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: DOES GOD KNOW SINGULAR FUTURE CONTINGENTS? 25 REPLY: ARTICLE XIII: DOES GOD’S KNOWLEDGE CHANGE? 26 REPLY: ARTICLE XIV: IS GOD’S KNOWLEDGE THE CAUSE OF THINGS? 27 REPLY: ARTICLE XV: DOES GOD HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF EVIL THINGS? 28 REPLY: QUESTION 3: Ideas ARTICLE I: ARE THERE IDEAS IN GOD? 29 REPLY: ARTICLE II: ARE THERE MANY IDEAS? 30 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DO IDEAS BELONG TO SPECULATIVE OR ONLY TO PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE? 31 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS THERE IN GOD AN IDEA OF EVIL? 32 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS THERE IN GOD AN IDEA OF FIRST MATTER? 33 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: ARE THERE IDEAS IN GOD OF THOSE THINGS WHICH DO NOT EXIST, WILL NOT EXIST, AND HAVE NOT EXISTED? 34 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: ARE THERE IN GOD IDEAS OF ACCIDENTS? 35 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: ARE THERE IN GOD IDEAS OF SINGULARS? 36 REPLY: QUESTION 4: The Divine Word ARTICLE I: CAN THERE BE A WORD, PROPERLY SPEAKING, IN GOD? 37 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS WORD PREDICATED OF GOD ESSENTIALLY OR ONLY PERSONALLY? 38 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS WORD A PROPER NAME OF THE HOLY SPIRIT? 39 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES THE FATHER UTTER ALL CREATURES IN THE WORD BY WHICH HE UTTERS HIMSELF? 40 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DOES THE WORD IMPLY A RELATION TO CREATURES? 41 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DO THINGS EXIST MORE TRULY IN THE WORD OR IN THEMSELVES? 42 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: IS THE WORD RELATED TO THOSE THINGS WHICH DO NOT EXIST, WILL NOT EXIST, AND NEVER HAVE EXISTED? 43 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: ARE ALL CREATED THINGS LIFE IN THE WORD? 44 REPLY: QUESTION V: Providence ARTICLE I: TO WHICH ATTRIBUTE CAN GOD’S PROVIDENCE BE REDUCED? 45 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS THE WORLD RULED BY PROVIDENCE? 46 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DOES GOD’S PROVIDENCE EXTEND TO CORRUPTIBLE THINGS? 47 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: ARE THE MOTIONS AND ACTIONS OF ALL BODIES HERE BELOW SUBJECT TO DIVINE PROVIDENCE? 48 REPLY: ARTICLE V: ARE HUMAN ACTS RULED BY PROVIDENCE? 49 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: ARE BRUTE ANIMALS AND THEIR ACTS SUBJECT TO GOD’S PROVIDENCE? 50 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: ARE SINNERS RULED BY GOD’S PROVIDENCE? 51 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: ARE ALL MATERIAL CREATURES GOVERNED BY GOD’s PROVIDENCE THROUGH ANGELS? 52 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: DOES DIVINE PROVIDENCE DISPOSE BODIES HERE BELOW BY MEANS OF THE CELESTIAL BODIES? 53 REPLY: ARTICLE X: ARE HUMAN ACTS GOVERNED BY GOD’S PROVIDENCE THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTALITY OF CELESTIAL BODIES? 54 REPLY: QUESTION 6: Predestination ARTICLE I: DOES PREDESTINATION BELONG TO KNOWLEDGE OR WILL? 55 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS FOREKNOWLEDGE OF MERITS THE CAUSE OF OR REASON FOR PREDESTINATION? 56 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS PREDESTINATION CERTAIN? 57 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS THE NUMBER OF PREDESTINED CERTAIN? 58 REPLY: ARTICLE V: ARE THE PREDESTINED CERTAIN OF THEIR PREDESTINATION? 59 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: CAN PREDESTINATION BE HELPED BY THE PRAYERS OF THE SAINTS? 60 REPLY: QUESTION 7: The book of life ARTICLE I: IS THE BOOK OF LIFE A CREATED THING? 61 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS THE BOOK OF LIFE PREDICATED OF GOD PERSONALLY OR ESSENTIALLY? 62 REPLY: ARTICLE III: CAN THE BOOK OF LIFE BE APPROPRIATED TO THE SON? 63 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS THE BOOK OF LIFE THE SAME AS PREDESTINATION? 64 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS THE BOOK OF LIFE SPOKEN OF IN RELATION TO UNCREATED LIFE? 65 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: IS THE BOOK OF LIFE SPOKEN OF IN RELATION TO THE NATURAL LIFE OF CREATURES? 66 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES THE BOOK OF LIFE USED WITHOUT QUALIFICATION REFER TO THE LIFE OF GRACE? 67 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: CAN WE SPEAK OF A BOOK OF DEATH As WE SPEAK OF THE BOOK OF LIFE? 68 REPLY: QUESTION 8: The Knowledge of Angels ARTICLE I: DO THE ANGELS SEE GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE? 69 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DO THE INTELLECTS OF BEATIFIED ANGELS AND MEN COMPREHEND THE DIVINE ESSENCE? 70 REPLY: ARTICLE III: CAN AN ANGEL BY MEANS OF HIS OWN NATURAL POWERS ATTAIN THE VISION OF GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE? 71 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES AN ANGEL, SEEING GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE, KNOW ALL THINGS? 72 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS THE VISION OF THINGS IN THE WORD HAD THROUGH LIKENESSES OF THEM EXISTING IN THE ANGELIC INTELLECTS? 73 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES AN ANGEL KNOW HIMSELF? 74 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES ONE ANGEL KNOW ANOTHER? 75 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: DOES AN ANGEL KNOW MATERIAL THINGS THROUGH FORMS OR BY KNOWING HIS OWN ESSENCE? 76 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: ARE THE FORMS BY WHICH ANGELS KNOW MATERIAL THINGS INNATE OR RECEIVED FROM THINGS? 77 REPLY: ARTICLE X: DO HIGHER ANGELS KNOW BY FORMS MORE UNIVERSAL THAN THOSE BY WHICH LOWER ANGELS KNOW? 78 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: DO ANGELS KNOW SINGULARS? 79 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: DO ANGELS KNOW THE FUTURE? 80 REPLY: ARTICLE XIII: CAN ANGELS KNOW THE HEART’S SECRETS? 81 REPLY: ARTICLE XIV: CAN ANGELS KNOW MANY THINGS AT THE SAME TIME? 82 REPLY: ARTICLE XV: IS ANGELS KNOWLEDGE OF THINGS DISCURSIVE? 83 REPLY: ARTICLE XVI: SHOULD MORNING KNOWLEDGE BE DISTINGUISHED FROM EVENING KNOWLEDGE IN ANGELS? 84 REPLY: ARTICLE XVII: IS AN ANGEL’S KNOWLEDGE ADEQUATELY DIVIDED INTO MORNING AND EVENING KNOWLEGE? 85 REPLY: QUESTION 9: The Communication of Angelic Knowledge ARTICLE I: DOES ONE ANGEL ILLUMINE ANOTHER? 86 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS AN INFERIOR ANGEL ALWAYS ILLUMINED BY A SUPERIOR ANGEL OR IS HE SOMETIMES ILLUMINED DIRECTLY BY GOD? 87 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DOES ONE ANGEL CLEANSE ANOTHER WHEN HE ILLUMINES HIM? 88 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES ONE ANGEL SPEAK TO ANOTHER? 89 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DO THE INFERIOR ANGELS SPEAK TO THE SUPERIOR? 90 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: IS A DETERMINATE LOCAL DISTANCE REQUIRED IN ORDER THAT ONE ANGEL CAN SPEAK TO ANOTHER? 91 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: CAN ONE ANGEL SPEAK TO ANOTHER IN SUCH A WAY THAT OTHERS WILL NOT KNOW WHAT HE IS SAYING? 92 REPLY: QUESTION 10: The Mind ARTICLE I: IS THE MIND, AS CONTAINING WITHIN ITSELF THE IMAGE OF THE TRINITY, THE ESSENCE OF THE SOUL OR ONE OF ITS POWERS? 93 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS THERE MEMORY IN THE MIND? 94 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS MEMORY DISTINGUISHED FROM UNDERSTANDING AS ONE POWER FROM ANOTHER? 95 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES THE MIND KNOW MATERIAL THINGS? 96 REPLY: ARTICLE V: CAN OUR MIND KNOW MATERIAL THINGS IN THEIR SINGULARITY? 97 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES THE HUMAN MIND RECEIVE KNOWLEDGE FROM SENSIBLE THINGS? 98 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: IS THE IMAGE OF THE TRINITY IN THE MIND AS IT KNOWS MATERIAL THINGS OR ONLY AS IT KNOWS ETERNAL THINGS? 99 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: DOES THE MIND KNOW ITSELF THROUGH ITS ESSENCE OR THROUGH SOME SPECIES? 100 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: IS IT THROUGH THEIR ESSENCE OR THROUGH SOME LIKENESS THAT OUR MIND KNOWS HABITS WHICH EXIST IN THE SOUL? 101 REPLY: ARTICLE X: CAN ONE KNOW THAT HE HAS CHARITY? 102 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: CAN THE MIND IN THIS LIFE SEE GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE? 103 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: IS GOD’S EXISTENCE SELF-EVIDENT TO THE HUMAN MIND, JUST AS FIRST PRINCIPLES OF DEMONSTRATION, WHICH CANNOT BE THOUGHT NOT TO EXIST? 104 REPLY: ARTICLE XIII: CAN THE TRINITY OF PERSONS IN GOD BE KNOWN BY NATURAL REASON? 105 REPLY: QUESTION 11: The Teacher ARTICLE I: CAN A MAN OR ONLY GOD TEACH AND BE CALLED TEACHER? 106 REPLY: ARTICLE II: CAN ONE BE CALLED HIS OWN TEACHER? 107 REPLY: 108 . ARTICLE III: CAN A MAN BE TAUGHT BY AN ANGEL? 109 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS TEACHING AN ACTIVITY OF THE CONTEMPLATIVE OR THE ACTIVE LIFE? 110 REPLY. QUESTION 12: Prophecy ARTICLE 1: IS PROPHECY A HABIT OR AN ACT? 111 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DOES PROPHECY DEAL WITH CONCLUSIONS WHICH CAN BE KNOWN SCIENTIFICALLY? 112 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS PROPHECY NATURAL? 113 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS SOME NATURAL DISPOSITION NEEDED FOR PROPHECY? 114 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS MORAL GOODNESS REQUIRED FOR PROPHECY? 115 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DO THE PROPHETS SEE IN THE MIRROR OF ETERNITY? 116 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES GOD IN THE REVELATION MADE TO A PROPHET IMPRINT ON THE MIND OF THE PROPHET NEW SPECIES OF THINGS OR ONLY INTELLECTUAL LIGHT? 117 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: DOES ALL PROPHETIC REVELATION TAKE PLACE THROUGH THE MEDIATION OF AN ANGEL? 118 RE PLY: ARTICLE IX: DOES A PROPHET ALWAYS LOSE SENSE- CONSCIOUSNESS WHEN HE IS TUNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPIRIT OF PROPHECY? 119 REPLY: ARTICLE X: IS PROPHECY SUITABLY DIVIDED INTO PROPHECY OF PREDESTINATION, FOREKNOWLEDGE, AND THREATS? 120 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: IS THERE UNCHANGEABLE TRUTH IN PROPHECY? 121 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: IS THE PROPHECY WHICH IS ACCORDING TO THE SIGHT OF UNDERSTANDING ALONE HIGHER THAN THAT WHICH HAS THE SIGHT OF UNDERSTANDING TOGETHER WITH IMAGINATION? 122 REPLY: ARTICLE XIII: ARE THE GRADES OF PROPHECY DISTINGUISHED ACCORDING TO THE SIGHT OF IMAGINATION? 123 REPLY: ARTICLE XIV: WAS MOSES MORE OUTSTANDING THAN OTHER PROPHETS? 124 REPLY: QUESTION 13: Rapture ARTICLE 1: WHAT IS RAPTURE? 125 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DID PAUL SEE GOD THROLIGH HIS ESSENCE WHEN HE WAS ENRAPTURED? 126 REPLY: ARTICLE III: CAN ONE IN THIS LIFE HAVE HIS UNDERSTANDING RAISED TO SEE GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE WITHOUT BEING CARRIED OUT OF HIS SENSES? 127 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: HOW GREAT AN ABSTRACTION IS REQUIRED FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING TO BE ABLE TO SEE GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE? 128 REPLY: ARTICLE V: WHAT DID THE APOSTLE KNOW AND NOT KNOW ABOUT HIS RAPTURE? 129 REPLY: QUESTION 15: Faith ARTICLE I: WHAT IS BELIEF? 130 REPLY: ARTICLE II: WHAT IS FAITH? 131 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS FAITH A VIRTUE? 132 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: WHAT IS THE SUBJECT IN WHICH FAITH EXISTS? 133 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS CHARITY THE FORM OF FAITH? 134 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: IS FORMLESS FAITH A VIRTUE? 135 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: IS THE HABIT OF FORMLESS FAITH THE SAME AS THAT OF FORMED FAITH? 136 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: IS FIRST TRUTH THE PROPER OBJECT OF FAITH? 137 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: CAN FAITH DEAL WITH THINGS WHICH ARE KNOWN AS SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS? 138 REPLY: ARTICLE X: IS IT NECESSARY FOR MAN TO HAVE FAITH? 139 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: IS IT NECESSARY TO BELIEVE EXPLICITLY? 140 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: IS THERE ONE FAITH FOR MODERNS AND ANCIENTS? 141 REPLY: QUESTION 15: Lower Reason ARTICLE I: ARE UNDERSTANDING AND REASON DIFFERENT POWERS IN MAN? 142 REPLY: ARTICLE II: ARE HIGHER AND LOWER REASON DIFFERENT POWERS? 143 REPLY: ARTICLE III: CAN SIN EXIST IN HIGHER OR LOWER REASON? 144 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS DELIBERATE PLEASURE IN BAD THOUGHTS (Delectatio Morosa), WHICH EXISTS IN THE LOWER PART OF REASON THROUGH CONSENT TO THE PLEASURE BUT WITHOUT CONSENT TO THE DEED, A MORTAL SIN? 145 REPLY: ARTICLE V: CAN VENIAL SIN EXIST IN HIGHER REASON? 146 REPLY: QUESTION 16: Synderesis ARTICLE I: IS SYNDERESIS A POWER OR A HABIT? 147 REPLY: ARTICLE II: CAN SYNDERESIS ERR? 148 REPLY: ARTICLE III: ARE THERE SOME IN WHOM SYNDERESIS IS EXTINGUISHED? 149 REPLY: QUESTION 16: Conscience ARTICLE I: IS CONSCIENCE A POWER, A HABIT, OR AN ACT? 150 REPLY: ARTICLE II: CAN CONSCIENCE BE MISTAKEN? 151 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DOES CONSCIENCE BIND? 152 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES A FALSE CONSCIENCE BIND? 153 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DOES CONSCIENCE IN INDIFFERENT MATTERS BIND MORE THAN THE COMMAND OF A SUPERIOR, OR LESS? 154 REPLY: QUESTION 18: The Knowledge of the First Man in the State of Innocence ARTICLE I: DID MAN IN THAT STATE KNOW GOD THROUGH HIS ESSENCE? 155 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DID MAN IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE SEE GOD THROUGH CREATURES? 156 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DID ADAM IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE HAVE FAITH ABOUT GOD? 157 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DID ADAM IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF ALL CREATURES? 158 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DID ADAM IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE SEE THE ANGELS THROUGH THEIR ESSENCE? 159 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: COULD ADAM IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE BE MISTAKEN OR DECEIVED? 160 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: WOULD THE CHILDREN WHO WERE BORN OF ADAM IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE HAVE HAD FULL KNOWLEDGE OF ALL TH AS ADAM DID? 161 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE WOULD CHILDREN HAVE HAD THE FULL USE OF REASON IMMEDIATELY AT BIRTH? 162 REPLY: QUESTION 19: the Knowledge of the Soul after Death. ARTICLE I: CAN THE SOUL UNDERSTAND AFTER DEATH? 163 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DOES THE SEPARATED SO KNOW SINGULARS? 164 REPLY: QUESTION 20: The Knowledge of Christ ARTICLE I: SHOULD WE SAY THAT THERE IS CREATED KNOWLEDGE IN CHRIST? 165 REPLY: ARTICLE II: DID THE SOUL OF CHRIST SEE THE WORD THROUGH A HABIT? 166 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DOES CHRIST HAVE OTHER KNOWLEDGE OF THINGS THAN THAT BY WHICH HE KNOWS THEM IN THE WORD? 167 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES THE SOUL OF CHRIST KNOW IN THE WORD ALL THAT THE WORD KNOWS? 168 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DOES THE SOUL OF CHRIST KNOW ALL THAT GOD COULD MAKE? 169 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES THE SOUL OF CHRIST KNOW EVERYTHING WITH THAT KNOWLEDGE BY WHICH IT KNOWS THINGS IN THEIR PROPER NATURE? 170 REPLY: QUESTION 21: Good ARTICLE I: DOES GOOD ADD ANYTHING TO BEING? 171 REPLY: ARTICLE II: ARE BEING AND GOOD INTERCHANGEABLE AS TO THEIR REAL SUBJECTS? 172 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS GOOD IN ITS ESSENTIAL CHARACTER PRI0R TO THE TRUE? 173 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: IS EVERYTHING GOOD BY THE FIRST GOODNESS? 174 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS A CREATED GOOD, GOOD BY ITS ESSENCE? 175 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES THE GOOD OF A CREATURE CONSIST IN MEASURE, SPECIES, AND ORDER AS AUGUSTINE SAYS? 176 REPLY: QUESTION 22: The Tendency to Good and the Will ARTICLE I: DO ALL THINGS TEND TO GOOD? 177 REPLY. ARTICLE II: DO ALL THINGS TEND TO GOD HIMSELF? 178 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS APPETITE A SPECIAL POWER OF THE SOUL? 179 REPLY. ARTICLE IV: IN RATIONAL BEINGS IS WILL A POWER DISTINCT FROM SENSE APPETITE? 180 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DOES THE WILL WILL ANYTHING NECESSARILY? 181 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES THE WILL NECESSARILY WILL WHATEVER IT WILLS? 182 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES A PERSON MERIT BY WILLING WHAT HE WILLS NECESSARILY? 183 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: CAN GOD FORCE THE WILL? 184 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: CAN ANY CREATURE CHANGE THE WILL OR INFLUENCE IT? 185 REPLY. ARTICLE X: ARE WILL AND INTELLECT THE SAME POWER? 186 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: IS THE WILL A HIGHER POWER THAN THE INTELLECT, OR IS THE OPPOSITE TRUE? 187 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: DOES THE WILL MOVE THE INTELLECT AND THE OTHER POWERS OF THE SOUL? 188 REPLY: ARTICLE XIII: IS INTENTION AN ACT OF THE WILL? 189 REPLY: ARTICLE XIV: DOES THE WILL IN THE SAME MOTION WILL THE END AND INTEND THE MEANS? 190 REPLY: ARTICLE XV: IS CHOICE AN ACT OF THE WILL? 191 REPLY: QUESTION 23: God’s Will ARTICLE I: DOES IT BELONG TO GOD TO HAVE A WILL? 192 REPLY: ARTICLE II: CAN THE DIVINE WILL BE DISTINGUISHED INTO ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENT? 193 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS GOD’s WILL SUITABLY DIVIDED INTO HIS EMBRACING WILL AND HIS INDICATIVE WILL? 194 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES GOD OF NECESSITY WILL WHATEVER HE WILLS? 195 REPLY: ARTICLE V: DOES THE DIVINE WILL IMPOSE NECESSITY UPON THE THINGS WILLED? 196 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DOES JUSTICE AS FOUND AMONG CREATED THINGS DEPEND SIMPLY UPON THE DIVINE WILL? 197 RE PLY: ARTICLE VII: ARE WE OBLIGED TO CONFORM OUR WILL TO THE DIVINE WILL? 198 REPLY. ARTICLE VIII: ARE WE OBLIGED TO CONFORM OUR WILL TO THE DIVINE WILL AS REGARDS ITS OBJECT SO AS TO BE BOUND TO WILL WHAT WE KNOW GOD WILLS? 199 REPLY: QUESTION 24: Free Choice ARTICLE I: IS MAN ENDOWED WITH FREE CROICE? 200 REPLY. ARTICLE II: IS THERE FREE CHOICE IN BRUTES? 201 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS THERE FREE CHOICE IN GOD? 202 REPLY. ARTICLE IV: IS FREE CHOICE A POWER OR NOT? 203 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS FREE CHOICE ONE POWER OR SEVERAL? 204 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: IS FREE CHOICE THE WILL OR A POWER OTHER THAN THE WILL? 205 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: CAN THERE BE ANY CREATURE WHICH HAS ITS FREE CHOICE NATURALLY CONFIRMED IN GOOD? 206 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: CAN THE FREE CHOICE OF A CREATURE BE CONFIRMED IN GOOD BY A GIFT OF GRACE? 207 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: CAN THE FREE CHOICE OF MAN IN THEns PRESENT LIFE BE CONFIRMED IN GOOD? 208 REPLY: ARTICLE X: CAN THE FREE CHOICE OF ANY CREATURE BE OBSTINATE OR UNALTERABLY HARDENED IN EVIL? 209 REPLY: ARTICLE XI: CAN THE FREE CHOICE OF MAN IN THIS PRESENT LIFE BE OBSTINATE IN EVIL? 210 REPLY: ARTICLE XII: CAN FREE CHOICE IN THE STATE OF MORTAL SIN AVOID MORTAL SIN WITHOUT GRACE? 211 REPLY: ARTICLE XIII: CAN A PERSON IN THE STATE OF GRACE AVOID MORTAL SIN? 212 REPLY: ARTICLE XIV: IS FREE CHOICE CAPABLE OF GOOD WITHOUT GRACE? 213 REPLY: ARTICLE XV: CAN MAN WITHOUT GRÂCE PREPARE HIMSELF TO HAVE GRACE? 214 REPLY: QUESTION 25: Sensuality ARTICLE I: IS SENSUALITY A COGNITIVE OR ONLY AN APPETITIVE POWER? 215 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS SENSUALITY ONE SIMPLE POWER OR IS IT DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL: THE IRASCIBLE AND THE CONCUPISCIBLE POWERs? 216 REPLY: ARTICLE III: ARE THE IRASCIBLE AND THE CONCUPISCIBLE POWERS ONLY IN THE LOWER APPETITE OR ALSO IN THE HIGHER? 217 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES SENSUALITY OBEY REASON? 218 REPLY: ARTICLE V: CAN THERE BE SIN IN SENSUALITY? 219 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS THE CONCUPISCIBLE POWER MORE CORRUPT AND INFECTED THAN THE IRASCIBLE? 220 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: CAN SENSUALITY BE CURED IN THIS LIFE OF THE AÇORESAID CORRUPTION? 221 REPLY: QUESTION 26: The passions of the soul ARTICLE I: HOW DOES THE SOUL SUFFER WHEN SEPARATED FROM THE BODY? 222 REPLY: ARTICLE II: HOW DOES THE SOUL SUFFER WHILE JOINED TO THE BODY? 223 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS PASSION ONLY IN THE SENSE APPETITIVE POWER? 224 REPLY: Article IV: ON WHAT GROUNDS ARE THE CONTRARIETY AND DIVERSITY AMONG THE PASSIONS OF THE SOLJL BASED? 225 REPLY: ARTICLE V: ARE HOPE, FEAR, Jo AND SADNESS THE FOUR PRINCIPAL PASSIONS OF THE SOUL? 226 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: DO WE MERIT BY OUR PASSIONS? 227 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES A PASSION ACCOMPANYING A MERITORIOUS ACT DETRACT FROM ITS MERIT? 228 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: WERE THERE ANY SUCH PASSIONS IN CHRIST? 229 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: WAS THE PASSION OF PAIN IN THE SOUL OF CHRIST AS REGARDS HIGHER REASON? 230 REPLY: ARTICLE X: DID THE PAIN OF THE PASSION WHICH WAS IN CHRIST’S HIGHER REASON PREVENT THE Jo OF FRUITION, AND CONVERSELY? 231 REPLY: QUESTION 26: Grace ARTICLE I: IS GRACE SOMETHING CREATED WHICH IS IN THE SOUL POSITIVELY? 232 REPLY: ARTICLE II: IS INGRATIATORY GRACE THE SAME AS CHARITY? 233 REPLY: ARTICLE III: CAN ANY CREATURE BE THE CAUSE OF GRACE? 234 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: ARE THE SACRAMENTS OF THE NEW LAW THE CAUSE OF GRACE? 235 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IN ONE MAN IS THERE ONLY ONE INGRATIATORY GRACE? 236 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: IS GRACE IN THE ESSENCE OF THE SOUL? 237 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: IS GRACE IN THE SACRAMENTS? 238 REPLY: QUESTION 28: Justification of Sinners ARTICLE I: IS THE JUSTIFICATION OF SINNERS THE FORGIVENESS OF SINS? 239 REPLY: ARTICLE II: CAN THERE BE FORGIVENESS OF SINS WITHOUT GRACE? 240 REPLY: ARTICLE III: DOES THE JUSTIFICATION OF SINNERS REQUIRE FREE CHOICE? 241 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: WHAT MOTION OF FREE CHOICE IS NEEDED FOR JUSTIFICATION. IS A MOTION TOWARD GOD REQUIRED? 242 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IN THE JUSTIFICATION OF SINNERS IS A MOTION OF FREE CHOICE TOWARD SIN REQUIRED? 243 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: ARE THE INFUSION OF GRACE AND THE FORGIVENESS OF GUILT THE SAME? 244 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: DOES THE FORGIVE NESS GUILT NATURALLY PRECEDE THE INFUSION OF GRACE? 245 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: IN THE JUSTIFICATION OF SINNERS DOES THE MOTION OF FREE CHOICE NATURALLY PRECEDE THE INFUSION OF GRACE? 246 REPLY: ARTICLE IX: IS THE JUSTIFICATION OF SINNERS INSTANTANEOUS? 247 REPLY: QUESTION 29: Grace of Christ ARTICLE I: IS THERE CREATED GRACE IN CHRIST? 248 REPLY: ARTICLE II: FOR CHRIST’S ITUMAN NATURE TO BE UNITED PERSONALLY TO THE WORD IS HABITUAL GRACE REQUIRED? 249 REPLY: ARTICLE III: IS THE GRACE OF CHRIST INFINITE? 250 REPLY: ARTICLE IV: DOES THE GRACE OF HEADSHIP BELONG TO CHRIST IN HIS HUMAN NATURE? 251 REPLY: ARTICLE V: IS ANY HABITUAL GRACE REQUIRED IN CHRIST FOR HIM TO BE THE HEAD? 252 REPLY: ARTICLE VI: COULD CHRIST MERIT? 253 REPLY: ARTICLE VII: COULD CHRIST MERIT FOR OTHERS? 254 REPLY: ARTICLE VIII: COULD CHRIST MERIT IN THE FIRST INSTANT OF HIS CONCEPTION? 255 REPLY: